Beginning in the 17th century, more sophisticated research into blood transfusion began. These transfusions took place between animals. Trials on humans at this time had been unsuccessful and ended in death.
The first documented human transfusion was administered by a Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys, physician to King Louis XIV of France on June 15, 1667. He transfused the blood of a sheep into a 15 year old boy who survived the procedure. He subsequently transfused a laborer, who also survived. It is speculated that they survived due to the small amount of blood that was actually transfused. Denys next transfused a a Sweded, Baron Bonde. He received two transfusions and then later died. Denys' experimientation with transfusing animal blood sparked a heated controversy in France. In 1670 the procedure was banned. The British Parliament, soon followed suit and the procedure was banned for 150 years.
Richard Lower, a British physician who played a huge part in the development of medical science, examined the effects of changes in blood volume on circulatory function and studied animals. He is credited with eventually devising instruments that led to actual transfusion of blood. Lower began to receive attention for these successful procedures and was asked to present his procedures to the Royal Society in December, 1665.
Six months later, Lower performed the first known human transfusion in Britain. The recipient's name was Arthur Coga, who was allegedly insance. The scientific community wanted to see the reaction of an interspecies transfusion. A gentle lamb was used to hopefully calm the violent spirit of the patient. Shortly after this, Lower abandoned his studies due to his growing medical practice.
In the early 19th century, scientists discovered that there were distinctive blood types and the necessity of cross matching to make sure that the blood was suitable to the specific recipient.
Up until this time many humans died as a result of transfusion due to the lack of knowledge regarding cross matching donor and recipient blood. Karl Landsteiner is credited with discovering human blood groups and that the mixing of blood from individuals can cause blood clumping or agglutination. This causes red cells to crack and cause toxic reactions which can be fatal. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1930.
George Washing Crile in credited with performing the first transfusion in surgery in Cleveland, Ohio.
In the 1910s, it was discovered that anticoagulants and refrigerating blood made it possible to store it for several days. This paved the way for blood banks. The first blood transfusion using stored and cooled blood was performed on January 1, 1916. Oswald Hope Robertson, a medical researcher and Army officer is credited with establishing the first blood bank while serving in France during WWI.
The first academic institution devoted to the study of blood transfusion was founded by Alexander Bogdanov in Moscow in 1925. As a matter of fact, following the death of Vladimir Lenin, Bogdanov was entrusted with the study of Lenin's brain. Bogdaniv eventually died in 1928 as a result of one of his experiment. He received the blood of a student suffering from malaria and tuberculosis.
The first academic institution devoted to the science of blood transfusion was founded by Alexander Bogdanov in Moscow in 1925.
Shortly after this, the United States followed the Soviet Union by setting up a system of blood banks in the 1930s. In 1937, Bernard Fantus, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago established the first hospital blood bank in the UNited States.
Following this, in the early 1940s, Dr. Charles R. Drew's research led to the discovery that blood could be separated in to blood plasma and red blood cells. Blood could now lasted longer.
In 1939-1940, the Rhesus blood group system was discovered. The importance of the Rh groups is its role in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. When an Rh negative mother carries a positive fetus, she can become immunized against the Rh antigen. In subsequent pregnancies this could be important because the mother can develop an immune response to the Rh antigen. The mother's immune system can attack the baby's red cells through the placenta.This could prove fatal in severe cases. Credit is given to Karl Landsteiner, Alex Wiener, Philip Levine and R.E. Stetson.
Also during this time the discovering of the acid-citrate-dextrose solution reduced the volume of anticoagulant thereby allowing greater volumes of blood to be transfused.
Source:
" History of blood transfusions" http://www,wikipedia.com/
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